Papers - NOZAKI Yuki
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Bridging supportive communication and interpersonal emotion regulation: An integrative review Reviewed International coauthorship International journal
Yuki Nozaki, James J. Gross
Journal of Social and Personal Relationships Advance online publication 2025.4
Authorship：Lead author, Corresponding author Publisher：SAGE Publications
Social interactions that support people who are experiencing negative emotions are ubiquitous in a wide array of interpersonal relationships. These social interactions are referred to as supportive communication . Decades ago, Burleson and Goldsmith (1998) first noted a connection between supportive communication and emotion regulation, with the goal of explaining the underlying mechanisms by which supportive messages change the recipient’s negative emotions. Since then, contemporary emotion regulation theory has matured, and now can explain a broad range of supportive communication processes via the expansion of interpersonal emotion regulation research and the development of the process model of emotion regulation. This paper aims to describe how contemporary advances in emotion regulation theory and research can shed light on dynamic processes in supportive communication. We then discuss the implications of this updated view for both research fields and show how it can advance interdisciplinary research.
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Attachment style and aggression toward self and others: An examination of the mediating effect of narcissistic attachment style on aggression toward self and others
Honoka Sakagami, Yuki Nozaki, Tomoyuki Nagayama
The Journal of Human Development and Clinical Psychology 31 133 - 140 2025.3
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Instrumental motives in emotion regulation of one’s own and others’ anger: Testing cross-cultural similarities and differences between European Americans and Japanese Reviewed International journal
Yuki Nozaki, Ryota Kobayashi
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 55 ( 2 ) 189 - 215 2024.3
Joint Work
Authorship：Lead author, Corresponding author Publisher：SAGE Publications
Instrumental motives, such as increasing negative emotions to facilitate performance, are one of the primary motives in regulating one’s own emotions (i.e., intrinsic emotion regulation) and others’ emotions (i.e., extrinsic emotion regulation). However, most instrumental emotion regulation research has been conducted in Western countries, even though desired emotions, such as anger, could vary across Western and Eastern cultures. This research investigates cross-cultural similarities and differences between European Americans and Japanese in instrumental motives for regulating one’s own (Study 1) and others’ anger (Study 2). To this end, the two preregistered studies used the context of playing an aggressive or nonaggressive computer game, a common methodology used in previous research on instrumental anger regulation. The results showed that both European Americans and Japanese significantly preferred angry stimuli for themselves and their partners before playing an aggressive game over a nonaggressive one. We also found that European Americans preferred anger stimuli significantly more than Japanese, although these cultural differences were neither large nor robust. Furthermore, individual differences in the perceived utility of anger were positively associated with a preference for angry stimuli, whereas cultural self-construals were not significantly associated with a preference for angry stimuli among either European Americans or Japanese. This research provides novel evidence for the cross-cultural similarity of instrumental anger regulation in both intrinsic and extrinsic emotion regulation between European Americans and Japanese.
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Current trends and future prospects of research on personality and individual differences: Implications from emotional intelligence research for the debate on noncognitive abilities and social-emotional skills Invited Reviewed
Yuki Nozaki
The Annual Report of Educational Psychology in Japan 63 70 - 95 2024.3
Authorship：Lead author, Corresponding author Publisher：Japanese Association of Educational Psychology
This paper reviews research on personality and individual differences in Japan based on the Big Five and the recently proposed social-emotional skills framework, focusing primarily on studies published between July 2022 and June 2023. It then discusses the implications of emotional intelligence research for the debate on noncognitive abilities and social-emotional skills. Emotional intelligence research is currently pushing for theoretical integration with emotion regulation research, where information-processing models explaining mental processes have been actively constructed. This trend can be seen as the introduction of the social-cognitive perspective in personality psychology into emotional intelligence research. For the debate on noncognitive and social-emotional skills, three advantages of research that incorporate the perspective of the social-cognitive approach are suggested: (1) this approach provides clues for considering how much these traits and abstract skills are inherent in individuals and how stable they are across situations, (2) it provides insight into mechanisms of change, and (3) it provides an idiographic perspective. Finally, the role of the psychology of personality and individual differences in the interdisciplinary debate is discussed.
DOI： 10.5926/arepj.63.70
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The effect of anger suppression by persuasion from others on anger rumination: Comparison of self and others based on self-determination theory Reviewed
Keishi Saito, Yuki Nozaki, Daisuke Ito
The Japanese Journal of Personality 32 ( 2 ) 113 - 116 2023.11
Publisher：Japan Society of Personality Psychology
Using the self-determination theory as the basis, this study examined the differences in the effects of two modes of anger suppression—self-initiated and externally induced persuasion—on the subscale of anger rumination. Eighty-seven university students were first asked to recall hypothetical situations where angersuppression occurred and then complete a survey using the anger rumination scale. Results of multilevel structural equation modeling indicated that memory of anger was higher when the anger was suppressed due to external persuasion compared to scenarios where it was suppressed by the individuals themselves. Therefore, self-determination is an effective approach to anger suppression that does not contribute to an increase in experience.
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Effectiveness of extrinsic emotion regulation strategies in text-based online communication Reviewed International coauthorship International journal
Yuki Nozaki, Moïra Mikolajczak
Emotion 23 ( 6 ) 1714 - 1725 2023.9
Authorship：Lead author, Corresponding author Publisher：American Psychological Association (APA)
In daily life, others play a key role in helping regulate an individual’s emotions. Such emotion regulation occurs not only in face-to-face communication but also in text-based online communication. To date, much research has examined strategies for alleviating one’s own negative emotions (intrinsic emotion regulation) based on the process model of emotion regulation (Gross, 1998, 2015a). However, little is known about the effectiveness of the full range of strategies for alleviating others’ negative emotions (extrinsic emotion regulation) derived from this model. This research aims to fill this gap. In study 1, participants wrote response letters to bogus pen pals who had recently experienced negative emotional events. Independent coders rated the effectiveness of these response letters in alleviating pen pal’s negative emotions. In study 2, participants communicated with each other on an online forum by posting about distressing events and messages that attempted to alleviate another person’s negative emotions. When participants received a reply to their posts, they rated its effectiveness in alleviating their negative emotions. The results of both studies consistently showed that strategies classified as reappraisal and empathic responding effectively alleviated others’ negative emotions. Moreover, emotional intensity moderated the effectiveness of some extrinsic emotion regulation strategies. Specifically, problem-solving and reappraisal showed positive effects on the alleviation of relatively less intense negative emotions. However, these effects were neither positive nor negative in regulating relatively intense negative emotions. The present study offers novel insights into other-focused emotion regulation research by clarifying similarities and differences between intrinsic and extrinsic emotion regulation.
DOI： 10.1037/emo0001186
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Not all daydreaming is equal: A longitudinal investigation of social and general daydreaming and marital relationship quality Reviewed International coauthorship International journal
Shogo Kajimura, Yuki Nozaki, Takayuki Goto, Jonathan Smallwood
Frontiers in Psychology 13 904025 2022.6
Publisher：Frontiers Media SA
Preliminary evidence suggests that daydreaming about other people has adaptive value in daily social lives. To address this possibility, we examined whether daydreaming plays a role in maintaining close, stable relationships using a 1-year prospective longitudinal study. We found that individuals’ propensity to daydream about their marital partner is separate to general daydreaming. In contrast to general daydreaming, which was associated with lower subsequent relationship investment size (i.e., magnitude and importance of resources attached to a relationship) in the marital partner, partner-related social daydreaming led to a greater subsequent investment size. Additionally, attachment styles moderated these effects. The effect of daydreaming regarding investment size was found only in securely attached individuals. This research advances the emerging field of social daydreaming and highlights self-generated thought as a critical tool that can help people navigate the complex social world.
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Individual and cultural differences in predispositions to feel positive and negative aspects of awe Reviewed International coauthorship International journal
Masataka Nakayama, Yuki Nozaki, Pamela M. Taylor, Dacher Keltner, Yukiko Uchida
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 51 ( 10 ) 771 - 793 2020.11
Joint Work
Publisher：SAGE Publications
Psychological research on awe has largely focused on its positive dimensions, both in terms of the experiential state of awe and individual trait-based predispositions to awe experience. Little is known, however, about awe’s negative-valence dimensions, such as individual tendencies to experience awe as threatening. To gain a broader understanding of awe, the current study investigates individual predispositions to feel negative aspects of awe (i.e., threat) and positive aspects of awe (e.g., beauty) and examines how these two tendencies are interrelated. Additionally, this study uses both Japanese and US samples to explore whether predispositions to feel awe vary across cultures. Two studies (total N = 1245) suggests that in both Japanese and US samples, predispositions to feel positive and negative aspects of awe were separable. However, there were cultural differences: North Americans were more predisposed to feel positive aspects than Japanese, and the predispositions to feel positive and negative aspects were positively correlated for Japanese, but not North Americans. This contributes to a better understanding of how the valence of awe may be influenced by culturally-mediated patterns of affect.
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Extrinsic emotion regulation Reviewed International coauthorship International journal
Nozaki, Y. & Mikolajczak, M.
Emotion 20 ( 1 ) 10 - 15 2020.2
Joint Work
Authorship：Lead author Publisher：American Psychological Association (APA)
To date, the field of emotion regulation (ER) has largely focused on intrinsic ER (i.e., regulation of one’s own emotions) and has only recently started to investigate extrinsic ER (i.e., regulation of another person’s emotions). This article selectively reviews current findings in order to answer the following questions: (a) What is extrinsic ER, and how can it be distinguished from related constructs such as emotion contagion, empathy, prosocial behavior, and social support? (b) How can we best model the processes through which extrinsic ER occurs as well as individual differences in extrinsic ER ability? The answers show that although extrinsic ER has much in common with intrinsic ER, the 2 cannot be equated. Research is therefore needed on the extrinsic side of ER.
DOI： 10.1037/emo0000636
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Evaluating the higher-order structure of the Profile of Emotional Competence (PEC): Confirmatory factor analysis and Bayesian structural equation modeling Reviewed International coauthorship International journal
Nozaki, Y., Puente-Martínez, A., & Mikolajczak, M.
PLoS ONE 14 ( 11 ) e0225070 2019.11
Joint Work
Authorship：Lead author
Emotional competence (EC) reflects individual differences in the identification, comprehension, expression, regulation, and utilization of one’s own and others’ emotions. EC can be operationalized using the Profile of Emotional Competence (PEC). This scale measures each of the five core emotional competences (identification, comprehension, expression, regulation, and utilization), separately for one’s own and others’ emotions. However, the higher-order structure of the PEC has not yet been systematically examined. This study aimed to fill this gap using four different samples (French-speaking Belgian, Dutch-speaking Belgian, Spanish, and Japanese). Confirmatory factor analyses and Bayesian structural equation modeling revealed that a structure with two second-order factors (intrapersonal and interpersonal EC) and with residual correlations among the types of competence (identification, comprehension, expression, regulation, and utilization) fitted the data better than alternative models. The findings emphasize the importance of distinguishing between intrapersonal and interpersonal domains in EC, offer a better framework for differentiating among individuals with different EC profiles, and provide exciting perspectives for future research.
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Cross-cultural comparison of the association between trait emotional intelligence and emotion regulation in European-American and Japanese populations Reviewed International journal
Yuki Nozaki
Personality and Individual Differences 130 ( 1 ) 150 - 155 2018.8
Single Work
Authorship：Lead author Publisher：Elsevier Ltd
Although a large body of evidence supports trait emotional intelligence as a positive indicator of well-being, the processes that underlie trait emotional intelligence remain unclear. Emotion regulation is considered a core component of trait emotional intelligence. Given that the consequences of emotion regulation strategies differ between European-American and Eastern Asian populations, culture could moderate the association between these strategies and trait emotional intelligence. Two studies examined whether culture moderated the link between trait emotional intelligence and emotion regulation strategies in European-American and East Asian Japanese populations. The results revealed important cultural similarities and differences in the association between trait emotional intelligence and emotion regulation. Regarding cultural similarities, trait emotional intelligence was positively associated with reappraisal in both groups. With respect to cultural differences, trait emotional intelligence was negatively associated with suppression in European-American, but not Japanese, individuals. These findings are consistent with the notion that emotionally intelligent people are more likely to use adaptive strategies and less likely to use maladaptive strategies to regulate their emotion within their own cultural frameworks. Moreover, the current research provided novel insight into the moderating effect of culture on the emotion regulation process underlying the trait emotional intelligence construct.
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Development of a demographic literacy scale Reviewed
Kyoto University Research Studies in Education 62 57 - 77 2016.3
Joint Work
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Emotional competence in the multiple intelligences theory from the perspective of laypersons Reviewed
Yuki Nozaki, Masuo Koyasu
Japanese Journal of Psychology 86 ( 6 ) 555 - 565 2016.2
Joint Work
Authorship：Lead author Publisher：Japanese Psychological Association
Emotional competence has recently become a widespread concern in schools and workplaces, both which deeply involve laypersons. While academic researchers have discussed the status of emotional competence compared to the traditional intelligence, it is very important to elucidate how laypersons regard emotional competence compared to traditional intelligence as well. The present study investigated the position of emotional competence in the multiple intelligences theory by assessing laypersons' self-estimates of their abilities and their rating of the importance of emotional competence for thriving in society. Participants (N = 584) answered a questionnaire online. Results showed that laypersons regarded emotional competence as a distinct construct, and most strongly related it to personal intelligence. Moreover, their ratings of the importance of emotional competence and personal intelligence for thriving in society were higher than that of traditional intelligence.
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Can we apply an emotional competence measure to an eastern population? Psychometric properties of the Profile of Emotional Competence in a Japanese population Reviewed International journal
Yuki Nozaki, Masuo Koyasu
Assessment 23 ( 1 ) 112 - 123 2016.1
Joint Work
Authorship：Lead author Publisher：SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC
Researchers have repeatedly argued that it is important to determine whether the psychometric properties of an emotional competence measure hold in Eastern populations because there may be cultural variability in abilities linked with emotional competence. However, few studies have examined potential differences in an emotional competence measure in Eastern cultures. To fill this gap, we investigated the applicability of the Profile of Emotional Competence to a Japanese population. Results demonstrated measurement and structural invariance across our Japanese and the original Belgian data sets. As was found in the Belgian sample, this measure showed adequate convergent and criterion validity in the Japanese sample. Furthermore, the scores on this measure were stronger predictors of subjective health and happiness in the Japanese than Belgian population. This measure also showed incremental validity. Our results suggest that the Profile of Emotional Competence is applicable to the Japanese population, an Eastern society.
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Emotional competence and extrinsic emotion regulation directed toward an ostracized person Reviewed International journal
Yuki Nozaki
Emotion 15 ( 6 ) 763 - 774 2015.12
Single Work
Authorship：Lead author Publisher：AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC
Positive interpersonal relationships hinge on individuals' competence in regulating others' emotions as well as their own. Nevertheless, little is known about the relationship between emotional competence and specific interpersonal behaviors. In particular, it is unclear which situations require emotional competence for extrinsic emotion regulation and whether emotionally competent individuals actually attempt to regulate others' emotions. To clarify these issues, the current investigation examined the relationship between emotional competence and extrinsic emotion regulation directed toward an ostracized person. The results of Study 1 (N = 39) indicated that interpersonal emotional competence (competence related to others' emotions) was positively associated with participants' efforts to relieve the ostracized person's sadness. In Study 2 (N = 120), this relationship was moderated by the ostracized person's emotional expression. In particular, participants with high interpersonal emotional competence were more likely to attempt to regulate the sadness of ostracized individuals who expressed neutral affect. In contrast, when the ostracized person expressed sadness, there were no significant relationships between high or low interpersonal emotional competence and extrinsic emotion regulation behavior. These results offer novel insight into how emotionally competent individuals use their competence to benefit others.
DOI： 10.1037/emo0000081
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Interpersonal emotional intelligence reduces the gap in anger regulation confidence caused by self-other dissimilarity Reviewed
Yuki Nozaki, Masuo Koyasu
Psychologia 58 ( 1 ) 49 - 60 2015.9
Joint Work
Authorship：Lead author Publisher：PSYCHOLOGIA SOC
Compared to regulating their own emotions, people have to take into account self-other dissimilarities when regulating others' emotions. We investigate whether self-other dissimilarity decreases confidence in extrinsic anger regulation and how trait emotional intelligence moderates this difference in anger regulation confidence, regardless of context (none, confrontational, and collaborative). Participants indicated how they would respond to provocation-related vignettes. They rated their confidence in successfully regulating their own anger, a similar other's anger, and a dissimilar other's anger. Results showed that individuals had lowest confidence in regulating anger for the dissimilar other, followed by the similar other and self. Moreover, individuals high in interpersonal emotional intelligence had higher confidence in regulating anger of a dissimilar other; confidence was nearly as high as for regulating their own anger. These results generalized to all contexts. They offer novel insights into extrinsic emotion regulation and social functions of trait emotional intelligence.
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Development of a Japanese version of a short form of the Profile of Emotional Competence Reviewed
Japanese Journal of Psychology 86 ( 2 ) 160 - 169 2015.6
Joint Work
Authorship：Lead author
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Conceptual distinction between emotional intelligence and emotional competence Reviewed
Kyoto University Research Studies in Education 61 271 - 283 2015.3
Single Work
Authorship：Lead author
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Experimental studies on the functions of emotional intelligence Reviewed
Kyoto University Research Studies in Education 60 481 - 493 2014.3
Single Work
Authorship：Lead author
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Effects of regulation of emotions in the self and others on the change of emotional intelligence during the period of term examinations Reviewed
Yuki Nozaki
Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology 61 ( 4 ) 362 - 373 2013.12
Single Work
Authorship：Lead author Publisher：Japanese Association of Educational Psychology
When individuals experience stressful events, regulating negative emotions caused by these events could function as training for handling emotions appropriately and could contribute to a change in emotional intelligence. The present study, in which the term examination period was the stressful event, investigated whether regulating emotions in the self and others results in a change in emotional intelligence. In order to investigate this, a scale to measure various behaviors for regulating emotions in the self and others was developed. Undergraduates (61 males, 40 females) completed questionnaires before and after the term examination period. The results suggested that positive reappraisal, distraction, support for positive reappraisal, and support for emotional expression were positively related to a change in both intrapersonal and interpersonal emotional intelligence during the term examination period. Support for distraction was positively related to a change in interpersonal emotional intelligence. Moreover, emotion regulation for handling the stress of term examinations was more strongly related to a change in emotional intelligence than to dispositional emotion regulation or level of stress. The present results suggest that regulating emotions in the self and others during an examination period could contribution positively to a change in emotional intelligence.
DOI： 10.5926/jjep.61.362
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The Relationship between Trait Emotional Intelligence and Interaction with Ostracized Others' Retaliation Reviewed
Yuki Nozaki, Masuo Koyasu
PLOS ONE 8 ( 10 ) e77579 2013.10
Joint Work
Authorship：Lead author Publisher：PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE
Background: Regulation of emotions in others is distinct from other activities related to trait emotional intelligence in that only such behavior can directly change other people's psychological states. Although emotional intelligence has generally been associated with prosociality, emotionally intelligent people may manipulate others' behaviors to suit their own interests using high-level capabilities to read and manage the emotions of others. This study investigated how trait emotional intelligence was related to interacting with ostracized others who attempt retaliation.
Method: We experimentally manipulated whether two people were simultaneously ostracized or not by using an online ball-tossing game called Cyberball. Eighty university students participated in Cyberball for manipulating ostracism and a "recommendation game," a variation of the ultimatum game for assessing how to interact with others who attempt retaliation, with four participants. After the recommendation game, participants rated their intention to retaliate during the game.
Results: People with higher interpersonal emotional intelligence were more likely to recommend that the ostracized other should inhibit retaliation and maximize additional rewards when they have a weaker intention to retaliate. However, they were more likely to recommend that the ostracized other should retaliate against the ostracizers when they have a stronger intention to retaliate.
Conclusion: This is the first laboratory study that empirically reveals that people with high interpersonal emotional intelligence influence others' emotions based on their own goals contrary to the general view. Trait emotional intelligence itself is neither positive nor negative, but it can facilitate interpersonal behaviors for achieving goals. Our study offers valuable contributions for the refinement of the trait emotional intelligence concept in the respect of its social function. -
Effects of emotional intelligence on inhibiting retaliation for ostracism in Cyberball Reviewed
Yuki Nozaki, Masuo Koyasu
Psychologia 56 ( 3 ) 167 - 178 2013.9
Joint Work
Authorship：Lead author Publisher：PSYCHOLOGIA SOC
Emotional intelligence plays an important role in coordinating social interaction. This study investigated the effects of emotional intelligence on inhibiting retaliation for ostracism. Seventy-six university students (44 men and 32 women) played an online ball-tossing game called Cyberball (Williams, Cheung, & Choi, 2000) with three other players. In the first session, each participant and another player were either ostracized or included by the other two players. In the second session, the participant had to decide whether to ostracize the other two players, who were the ostracism offenders in the ostracism condition, by throwing back the ball to the other player or not. The results show that those who have high regulation of emotions in the self, one of the subscales of emotional intelligence, better inhibited retaliation for ostracism. This finding suggests that regulation of emotions in the self can function as an inhibitor of inappropriate emotional behaviors in interpersonal situations.
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Effects of cognitive appraisals and coping on the development of emotional intelligence during preparation for a university entrance examination Reviewed
Nozaki, Y, Koyasu, M
Japanese Journal of Personality 21 ( 3 ) 231 - 243 2013.3
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The effects of resilience and posttraumatic growth on emotional intelligence on the basis of a distinction between self and others domains Reviewed
Nozaki, Y
Japanese Journal of Personality 20 ( 3 ) 179 - 192 2012.3